COVID19: HAVAYOLLARINA DEVLET DESTEKLERİ, KRİZ STRATEJİLERİ, İFLAS ve KARŞI SESLER

Author :  

DOI : 10.26728/ideas.479
Year-Number: 2021-33
Language : null
Konu :
Number of pages: 685-700
Mendeley EndNote Alıntı Yap

Abstract

Modern havacılığın başladığı Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası yıllardan itibaren sektör zaman içerisinde birçok kriz atlatmış olmasına rağmen COVID-19 salgını sebebiyle karşılaşılan durum karşılaşılan en ağır tabloya sebep olmuştur. Devletlerin uyguladıkları kısıtlama/yasaklar havayollarının iş gerçekleştirme potansiyellerini direkt olarak etkilemiştir. Bu kapsamda ülkeler arasında farklı şekillerde uygulanan yasaklar, ilgili ülkelerin havayolları üzerinde de farklı etkilere sebep olmuştur. Krizden çıkış stratejisinde ilk olarak maliyetlerde azaltımına giden havayolları akabinde devlet desteklerine başvurmuş ve yasakların hafifletilmesi için karar alıcılar üzerinde lobi faaliyetlerinde bulunmuştur. Milli ekonomilerin önemli unsuru olan hava taşımacılığını korumak adına devletler havayollarına kredi, borçlanma, vergi ötelemesi, nakit yardım gibi seçenekler içinde destek olurken bu desteklere karşılık olarak bazı devletler şartlar öne sürmüşlerdir. Çalışmada COVID-19 dolayısı ile havacılık sektörünün güncel durumu özetlenmiş, Porter Elmas Modelinde Devlet faktörünün attığı adımların diğer faktörleri ve şirketleri nasıl etkilediği tartışılmıştır. Yardımlar kategoriler halinde incelenmiş, firmaların krizden çıkmak için uyguladıkları stratejiler derlenmiştir. İflas süreçleri, iflas eden veya hukuksal olarak yeniden yapılandırma sürecine giren şirketler ve süreç incelenmiştir. Son olarak devletin havayollarına yaptıkları yardımlara karşı görüşler derlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak iç hat pazarı güçlü olan devletlerin havayollarının kriz öncesi faaliyetlerine daha erken yaklaştığı; devletlerin milli çıkarlarını korumak, oluşabilecek boşluğun başka ülkelerin havayolları tarafından doldurulmasını engellemek adına yardımlarda bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Abstract

Although the industry has survived many crises over time since the post-World War I era, when modern aviation began, the situation encountered due to the COVID-19 epidemic caused the most severe damage. The restrictions and bans imposed by the states directly affected the airlines' business potential. In this context, the bans applied in different ways between countries have also caused different effects on the airlines of the relevant countries. In the crisis exit strategy the airlines, which first attempted to reduce their costs, then applied for government support and lobbied to the decision makers to ease the bans. In order to protect air transportation, which is an important element of national economies, states have supported airlines with options such as credit, borrowing, tax deferral, and cash assistance, while some states have put forward conditions in response to these supports. In the study, the current situation of the aviation industry due to COVID-19 was summarized, and it was discussed how the steps taken by the State factor in the Porter Diamond Model affected other factors and companies. Aids were analyzed in categories, and the strategies implemented by companies to get out of the crisis were compiled. Bankruptcy processes, companies that went into bankruptcy or legal restructuring process and the process were examined. Finally, opinions against the state aids to airlines were compiled. As a result, states with a strong domestic market approached the pre-crisis activities of their airlines earlier; It has been determined that states provide aid in order to protect their national interests and to prevent the gap that may arise from being filled by other countries' airlines.

Keywords

Kaynakça

  • Adrienne, N., Budd, L., & Ison, S. (2020). “Grounded aircraft: An airfield operations perspective of the
  • Adrienne, N., Budd, L., & Ison, S. (2020). “Grounded aircraft: An airfield operations perspective of the challenges of resuming flights post COVID”.Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101921.
  • Akbar, Y. H., & Kisilowski, M. (2020). “To bargain or not to bargain: Airlines, legitimacy and nonmarket strategy in a COVID-19 world”. Journal of air transport management, 88, 101867.
  • Amankwah-Amoah, J. (2020). “Note: Mayday, Mayday, Mayday! Responding to environmental shocks:Insights on global airlines’ responses to COVID-19”. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 143, 102098.
  • Armağan & Deniz (2020). “Theory and Research in Social, Human and Administrative Sciences”, Sarıkaya (ed), Gece Publishing, Ankara, ss.523-541, 2020.
  • Arndt, M., Zellner, W., 2003. “How to fix the airlines. The troubled industry needs a model that work. Here is a blueprint”. Business Week 3828 (April 14), 74–78.
  • Ayotte, K., & Skeel Jr, D. A. (2009). “Bankruptcy or bailouts”. J. Corp. L., 35, 469.
  • Beer, M., & Nohria, N. (2000). “Cracking the code of change”. HBR’s 10 must reads on change, 78(3), 133- 141.
  • Bloomberg (2020). “Covid Passports Seen as Key to Resuming International Travel”. Bloomberg Business,By Charlotte Ryan and Tara Patel. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-23/airline-lobby-is- building-a-covid-travel-pass-to-spur-flights adresinden erişildi.
  • Bluedorn, A. C., & Martin, G. (2008). “The time frames of entrepreneurs”. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(1), 1-20.
  • BreakingTravelNews. (2021). “Etihad Airways latest to retire Airbus A380”. 18.07.2021 tarihindehttps://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/etihad-airways-latest-to-retire-airbus-a380/ adresindenerişildi.
  • Brown, R. S., & Kline, W. A. (2020). “Exogenous shocks and managerial preparedness: A study of USairlines’ environmental scanning before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101899.
  • Bryce, C., Ring, P., Ashby, S., & Wardman, J. K. (2020). “Resilience in the face of uncertainty: early lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic”. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 880-887.
  • Business traveller (2021). “British Airways extends Gatwick short-haul pause until end of October”.24.07.2021 tarihinde https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/04/10/british-airways-extends- gatwick-short-haul-pause-until-end-of-october/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Businessinsider (2021). “KLM Royal Dutch Airlines' Boeing 747-400”. 18.07.2021 tarihinde https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-havoc-forces-airlines-to-retire-iconic-planes-sooner-2020-
  • CAPA (2021a). “American Airlines goes broke: Can a 'national' airline be allowed to fail?” 22.07.2021tarihinde https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/american-airlines-goes-broke-can-a-national-airline- be-allowed-to-fail-63802 adresinden erişildi.
  • CAPA (2021b). “Only a few airlines collapsed in 2020”. Analysis, 22.08.2021 tarihindehttps://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/only-a-few-airlines-collapsed-in-2020-550663 adresindenChung, L. H. (2015). “Impact of pandemic control over airport economics: Reconciling public health withairport business through a streamlined approach in pandemic control”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 44, 42-53.
  • Czerny, A. I., Fu, X., Lei, Z., & Oum, T. H. (2021). “Post pandemic aviation market recovery: Experience and lessons from China”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101971.
  • de Amorim Carvalho, J. C., & Salazar, P. E. L. (2018). “Strategic drivers in crisis environment”. In Entrepreneurship and Structural Change in Dynamic Territories (pp. 109-131). Springer, Cham.
  • de Rugy, V., & Leff, G. (2020). “The case against bailing out the airline industry”. Special Edition Policy Brief.
  • Dealy, M. D., & Thomas, A. R. (2006). “Change or die: How to transform your organization from the inside out”. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Dollard, P., Griffin, I., Berro, A., Cohen, N. J., Singler, K., Haber, Y., ... & COVID, C. (2020). “Riskassessment and management of COVID-19 among travelers arriving at designated US Airports, January 17– September 13, 2020”. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(45), 1681.
  • Dube, K., & Nhamo, G. (2020). “Major global aircraft manufacturers and emerging responses to the SDGs agenda”. In Scaling up SDGs Implementation, (pp. 99-113). Springer, Cham.
  • Dube, K., Nhamo, G., & Chikodzi, D. (2021). “COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for recovery of the global aviation industry”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 92, 102022.
  • EC (2014). “State aid: Commission adopts new guidelines on state aid to airports and airlines (AviationGuidelines)”. Fiche d’information, 29.07.2021 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/fr/memo_14_121 adresinden erişildi.
  • EC (2020). “State aid: Commission approves €6 billion German measure to recapitalise Lufthansa”02.08.2021 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/hu/IP_20_1179 adresinden erişildi.
  • Euronews (2020). “UK 14-day quarantine: British Airways, EasyJet and Ryanair take legal action overgovernment rules” 22.07.2021 tarihinde https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/12/uk-14-day-quarantine- british-airways-easyjet-and-ryanair-take-legal-action-over-government adresinden erişildi.
  • FlightGlobal (2020). “Which aircraft types did airlines fly for the last time in 2020?”. 18.07.2021 tarihinde https://www.flightglobal.com/fleets/which-aircraft-types-did-airlines-fly-for-the-last-time-in-
  • 2020/141368.article adresinden erişildi.
  • Garrow, L., & Lurkin, V. (2021). “How COVID-19 is impacting and reshaping the airline industry”. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 20(1), 3-9.
  • Gerschewski, S., Rose, E. L., & Lindsay, V. J. (2014). “Understanding the drivers of international performance global firms: An integrated perspective”. Journal of World Business.
  • Grout, A., Howard, N., Coker, R., & Speakman, E. M. (2017). “Guidelines, law, and governance:disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases”. The Lancet infectious diseases, 17(4), e118-e122.
  • Gup, B. E. (Ed.). (2004). “Too big to fail: policies and practices in government bailouts”. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Gurdus, L., (2020). “These Two Airlines Are ‘too Big to Fail,’ Investor Says.” CNBC.com. Apr. 2, 2020.02.08.2021 tarihinde https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/02/american-airlines-coronavir us-downgrade-airline- stock-2020-outlook.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Guzhva, V. S., & Pagiavlas, N. (2004). “US Commercial airline performance after September 11, 2001:decomposing the effect of the terrorist attack from macroeconomic influences”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 10(5), 327-332.
  • IATA (2020a). “Economic Performance of the Airline Industry”. Economic Reports, Nov 24, 2020. IATA, Quebec.
  • IATA (2020b). “Airline expectations for 2020 improve ahead of virus outbreak”. IATA Economics’ chart of the week. Economic Reports, IATA, Quebec.
  • IATA (2021a). “Covid-19 Travel Regulations Map”. TravelCentre, 22.08.2021 tarihinde https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/world.php adresinden erişildi.
  • IATA (2021b). “Airlines Financial Monitor - March April 2021”. IATA Economics, 28th May 2021. IATA (2021b). “Outlook for the global airline industry”. April 2021 update, IATA, Quebec.
  • ICAO (2018). “Aviation Benefits”. Aviation Benefits Report, Retrieved Jan 06, 2021, fromhttps://www.icao.int/SAM/Documents/2018-ADPLAN/ICAO%20AVIATION-BENEFITS-2017-web.pdf.
  • ICAO (2021). “Air Transport Monitor”. Economic Development of Air Transport, 19.08.2021 tarihinde https://www.icao.int/sustainability/pages/air-traffic-monitor.aspx adresinden erişildi.
  • Insider (2020). “Airlines will get the $60 billion bailout they asked for in the $2 trillion coronavirus stimulusbill that Trump signed into law. It also prohibits layoffs, stock buybacks, and dividends”. 20.08.2021tarihinde https://www.businessinsider.com/airlines-coronavirus-bailout-senate-stock-buybacks-2020-3 adresinden erişildi.
  • Julio, R., Awad-Núñez, S., Gomez, J., Moya-Gómez, B., & González, J. S. (2021). “Post-COVID-19 travelbehaviour patterns: impact on the willingness to pay of users of public transport and shared mobility services in Spain”. European Transport Research Review, 13(1), 1-18.
  • Keselova, M., Socha, L., Hanak, P., & Svab, P. (2020). “Carbon Offset–The New Trend In Aviation”. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference: SGEM, 20(4.1), 329-334.
  • Kunc, M., & Bhandari, R. (2011). “Strategic development processes during economic and financial crisis”. Management Decision. Vol. 49 No. 8, pp. 1343-1353.
  • Lamb, T. L., Winter, S. R., Rice, S., Ruskin, K. J., & Vaughn, A. (2020). “Factors that predict passengerswillingness to fly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101897.
  • Levine, M. E. (1981). “Revisionism revised? Airline deregulation and the public interest”. Law and Contemporary Problems, 44(1), 179-195.
  • Lieberman, M. B., & Montgomery, D. B. (1988). “First‐mover advantages”. Strategic Management Journal, 9(S1), 41-58.
  • Lucas, D. (2019). “Measuring the cost of bailouts”. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 11, 85-108.
  • Manca, F., Sivakumar, A., Pawlak, J., & Brodzinski, N. J. (2021). “Will we fly again? Modelling air travel demand in light of COVID-19 through a London case study”. (No. TRBAM-21-03682).
  • Mattsson, L. G., & Jenelius, E. (2015). “Vulnerability and resilience of transport systems–A discussion of recent research”. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 81, 16-34.
  • Mitchell, M. D. (2012). “The pathology of privilege: The economic consequences of government favoritism”. Mercatus Research, July.
  • Munari, F. (2020). “Lifting the Veil: COVID-19 and the Need to Re-consider Airline Regulation”. European Papers-A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020(1), 461-467.
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K., & Chikodzi, D. (2020). COVID-19 and Implications for the Aviation Sector: A GlobalPerspective. In Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry (pp. 89-107). Springer, Cham.
  • Nikolaou, P., & Dimitriou, L. (2020). “Identification of critical airports for controlling global infectious disease outbreaks: Stress-tests focusing in Europe”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 85, 101819.
  • Nytimes (2021). “Crippled Airline Industry to Get $25 Billion Bailout, Part of It as Loans”. 01.08.2021tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/business/coronavirus-airlines-bailout-treasury- department.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Nytimes. (2019). “How Could Travel Giant Thomas Cook Fail”. By Shannon Sims. 19.08.2021 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/23/travel/why-thomas-cook-travel-collapsed.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Pappas, N. (2021). “COVID19: Holiday Intentions During a Pandemic”. Tourism Management, 84, 104287.
  • Porter, M. (1990). “Competitive Advantage of Nations”. Competitive Intelligence Review, 1(1), New York: Free Press, ©1990.
  • Porter, M. E. (1989). “How competitive forces shape Strategy”. Readings in Strategic Management (pp. 133- 143). Palgrave, London.
  • Reuters. (2020a). “Lufthansa wants state support not government management, CEO says”. Business News,01.08.2021 tarihinde https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lufthansa-spiegel- idUKKBN22D53R adresinden erişildi.
  • Reuters (2020b). “Ryanair challenges Lufthansa's bailout package”. 01.08.2021 tarihindehttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lufthansa-rescue-idUSKBN23220V adresindenSetyawan, A. (2011). “Global Crisis and Country's Competitiveness: Lessons from Indonesia and Malaysia”. European Research Studies Journal, 14(3), 103-118.
  • Sharp, T. W., Hyams, K. C., Watts, D., Savarino, S. J., Trofa, A. F., Martin, G. J., ... & Waack, M. (1995).“Epidemiology of Norwalk virus during an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis aboard a US aircraft carrier”. Journal of Medical Virology, 45(1), 61-67.
  • SimpleFliying. (2021a). “Malaysia Airlines To Retire Airbus A380 Fleet in Coming Months”. 12.08.2021 tarihinde https://simpleflying.com/malaysia-airlines-a380-retirement/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Simpleflying. (2021b). “Ryanair Sees Lufthansa’s Post COVID Gap As An Opportunity”. 06.08.2021 tarihinde https://simpleflying.com/ryanair-lufthansa-post-covid-gap/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Su, Z., Wen, J., McDonnell, D., Goh, E., Li, X., Šegalo, S., ... & Xiang, Y. T. (2021). “Vaccines are not yet asilver bullet: The imperative of continued communication about the importance of COVID-19 safety measures”. Brain, behavior, & immunity-health, 12, 100204.
  • Sun, X., Wandelt, S., & Zhang, A. (2021). “On the degree of synchronization between air transport connectivity and COVID-19 cases at worldwide level”. Transport Policy, 105, 115-123.
  • Taşdemir, M , Aydın, E . (2021). "Havacılığın Kâbus Yılı 2020: Havayollarının Covid-19 ve Önceki KrizlereTepkileri & Yerde Kalan Uçaklar”. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi 16 (2021): 1-14
  • Terry, B. (2020). “Covid-19: Rising to the challenge with resilience”. Deloitte Report on the Airline Sector.Transportenvironment.org (2021). “Bailout Tracker”. Flying and climate change, 07.08.2021 tarihindehttps://www.transportenvironment.org/what-we-do/flying-and-climate-change/bailout-tracker adresindenTretheway, M. W., & Markhvida, K. (2014). “The aviation value chain: Economic returns and policy issues”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 41, 3-16.
  • Watson Farley & Williams, 2021). “Covid-19 Aviation Restructuring Report”. Watson Farley & Williams, Second Edition. London.
  • Wenzel, M., Stanske, S., & Lieberman, M. B. (2020). “Strategic responses to crisis”. Strategic Management Journal, 41(7/18).
  • WHO (2020). “Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March2020”04.07.2021 tarihinde https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s- opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 adresinden erişildi.
  • Zhang, L., Yang, H., Wang, K., Bian, L., & Zhang, X. (2021). “The impact of COVID-19 on airlinepassenger travel behavior: An exploratory analysis on the Chinese aviation market”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 95, 102084
  • Zhang, L., Yang, H., Wang, K., Zhan, Y., & Bian, L. (2020). “Measuring imported case risk of COVID-19from inbound international flights---A case study on China”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89,
MAKALE İSTATİSTİKLERİ

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        



                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                      
                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
LINKS

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
     Last issue
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
         Previous issues
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    Article Statistics
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        




                                                                                                                                                                                                        


                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        



                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
Share